{"id":1500,"date":"2026-05-18T10:13:17","date_gmt":"2026-05-18T08:13:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/galen.de\/?page_id=1500"},"modified":"2026-06-03T09:50:31","modified_gmt":"2026-06-03T07:50:31","slug":"corruption-in-the-healthcare-system","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/galen.de\/en\/rechtsgebiete\/wirtschaftsstrafrecht\/medizinstrafrecht\/korruption-im-gesundheitswesen\/","title":{"rendered":"Corruption in the healthcare system"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1500\" class=\"elementor elementor-1500\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6acff9f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6acff9f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b14b524 red-underline elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b14b524\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Criminal risks for doctors and other healthcare professionals<\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is a doctor committing a crime by accepting gifts or being invited to a conference by a pharmaceutical company? Are fees for product recommendations and bonuses for pharmaceutical representatives legally permissible? Such questions often mark the beginning of investigations into corruption in the healthcare sector.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since the introduction of Sections 299a and 299b of the German Criminal Code (StGB) in 2016, bribery and corruption in the healthcare sector have been independently punishable offenses. Previously, the Federal Court of Justice had ruled that self-employed physicians under contract with statutory health insurance funds were neither public officials nor agents of the statutory health insurance funds \u2013 with the consequence that neither the acceptance and granting of advantages (Sections 331 et seq. StGB) nor bribery and corruption in commercial transactions (Section 299 StGB) applied. With Sections 299a and 299b StGB, the legislature closed this gap in criminal liability by establishing an independent corruption offense within medical criminal law. Furthermore, employees of public employers (public hospitals) may still be liable for bribery or acceptance of advantages under Sections 331 et seq. StGB if they accept such advantages.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For those affected, it&#039;s often not just about a potential fine or imprisonment. Investigations into bribery in the healthcare sector can regularly lead to professional, social security, and tax-related consequences. The revocation of a medical license or the withdrawal of accreditation to bill health insurance companies can jeopardize their professional livelihood.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a law firm specializing in medical criminal law, our lawyers defend clients nationwide in cases of corruption within the healthcare sector. We always consider the interplay between criminal law, professional law, and administrative law.<\/span><\/p><h2><b>Overview \u2013 Corruption in the healthcare sector as part of medical criminal law<\/b><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sections 299a and 299b of the German Criminal Code (StGB) follow the structure of classic corruption offenses. In principle, anyone can offer or grant an advantage (Section 299b StGB). However, the group of perpetrators on the recipient side is limited to members of certain healthcare professions (Section 299a StGB) \u2013 namely, those professions for which state-regulated training is required for the practice or use of the professional title.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><strong>Specifically included are:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Doctors<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dentists<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Psychotherapists<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pharmacists\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">other members of state-regulated healthcare professions.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>The purpose of these regulations is to protect fair competition in the healthcare sector and to safeguard patients&#039; trust in the integrity of medical decisions. The legislator aimed to prevent economic incentives from influencing medical decisions. Medical necessity should be the decisive factor \u2013 not economic gain. This standard is therefore closely linked to the professional prohibition against referring patients for payment, the regulations governing social security billing, and principles of competition law.<\/span><\/p><h2><b>When does a criminal offense under \u00a7\u00a7 299a, 299b of the German Criminal Code (StGB) occur?<\/b><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bribery (\u00a7 299a of the German Criminal Code) in the healthcare sector is a criminal offense committed by anyone who, as a member of certain healthcare professions and in connection with the practice of that profession, demands, solicits, or accepts an advantage for themselves or a third party \u2013 in return for unfair preferential treatment in competition in certain processes specified by law within the healthcare sector. Conversely, \u00a7 299b of the German Criminal Code covers the active bribery of members of healthcare professions, i.e., offering, promising, or granting an advantage under the aforementioned conditions.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An advantage is any improvement in one&#039;s economic, legal, or personal situation to which there is no legal entitlement \u2013 whether material or immaterial. Examples of advantages include:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monetary gifts, luxury goods and other presents<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fees for product recommendations<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discounts<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coverage of costs for training events and company celebrations<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conclusion of a contract, e.g. a cooperation agreement<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enhancing scientific reputation<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Obtaining an award<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>The central concept is the so-called unlawful agreement. The advantage must be consideration for unfair preferential treatment in competition. The law explicitly lists the following situations in which preferential treatment can occur:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">when prescribing medicines, remedies or aids or medical devices<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">when acquiring such products for immediate use<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">during the supply of patients or examination material.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>An explicit agreement is not necessary \u2013 the unlawful agreement can also arise from the circumstances of the individual case.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A competitive situation between at least two providers is a prerequisite. The preferential treatment must be based on extraneous considerations. If there is an objective reason for the decision, this strongly suggests that the preferential treatment is not unfair. Furthermore, conduct permissible under professional and social law \u2013 for example, according to the German Social Code, Book V (SGB V), the German Medicines Act (AMG), the Model Professional Code of Conduct for Physicians (MBO-\u00c4) and Dentists (MBO-Z), or the German Act on Advertising of Therapeutic Products (Heilmittelwerbegesetz) \u2013 is generally not punishable. However, violations of these regulations can indicate unfair preferential treatment.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The offense requires intent. The accused must know that the benefit is granted in return for unfair preferential treatment.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h2><b>What are typical accompanying offenses of \u00a7 299a, \u00a7299b of the German Criminal Code?<\/b><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Proceedings for corruption in the healthcare sector are often not limited to allegations of bribery and corruption in the healthcare industry.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Typical accompanying offenses include:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Billing fraud (\u00a7 263 StGB)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">so-called breach of trust by contracted physicians (\u00a7 266 StGB)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tax evasion (\u00a7 370 AO)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Violations of the German Act on Advertising of Therapeutic Products (HWG), the Act Against Unfair Competition (UWG) and antitrust law\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3><b>Billing fraud<\/b><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Investigations regularly concern the billing of medical services to statutory or private health insurers. <a href=\"https:\/\/galen.de\/en\/legal-areas\/economic-criminal-law\/medical-criminal-law\/billing-fraud-in-the-healthcare-sector\/\">Billing fraud<\/a> This is particularly likely when services have not been provided in accordance with the applicable billing regulations. The relevant legal provisions are those of the German Social Code, Book V (SGB V), the Uniform Assessment Standard (EBM), the German Fee Schedule for Physicians (GO\u00c4), and regulations governing contracted physicians. In the context of Sections 299a and 299b of the German Criminal Code (StGB), billing fraud can occur, for example, in cases of agreements to provide medically unnecessary services at the expense of statutory health insurance. Medical documentation, billing logic, and professional regulations are closely intertwined in these procedures.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h3><b>infidelity<\/b><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allegations of breach of trust can be brought against, for example, managing directors of medical care centers (MVZs), hospital directors, or practice owners if they are accused of misappropriating company assets or causing financial harm to the sponsoring companies. Contract physicians also have a duty to manage assets vis-\u00e0-vis the health insurance funds, which can be violated, for instance, by the inappropriate prescription of medications.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h3><b>tax evasion<\/b><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Payments that constitute a criminal offense may not be deducted as business expenses for tax purposes. Anyone who makes such payments is liable to prosecution.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Concealing a gift to the tax authorities regularly constitutes tax evasion. On the recipient&#039;s side, gifts received can represent taxable income \u2013 this is also investigated by the authorities.<\/span><\/p><h3><b>Advertising law for medicinal products and antitrust law<\/b><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Advertising law for medicinal products is affected because it \u2013 like Sections 299a and 299b of the German Criminal Code (StGB) \u2013 penalizes unfair practices in the healthcare sector. Antitrust violations are generally administrative offenses and typically arise when anti-competitive discounts are granted. Due to the potential amount of fines, they are particularly relevant in practice.<\/span><\/p><h2><b>Is accepting a gift a criminal offense?<\/b><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not every acceptance of a gift constitutes bribery in the healthcare sector. For criminal liability under Section 299a of the German Criminal Code (StGB), the decisive factor is whether there is a connection to unfair preferential treatment in competition. Furthermore, payments made in return for past preferential treatment (rewards) are only covered by Sections 299a and 299b of the StGB if they are based on a prior unlawful agreement. Small tokens of appreciation may, under certain circumstances, be considered socially acceptable. However, the threshold for this is narrow and must always be examined on a case-by-case basis.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Employees of public sector employers may also be liable to prosecution for bribery or acceptance of advantages under Sections 331 et seq. of the German Criminal Code (StGB) if they accept gifts.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Regardless of criminal liability, the specific professional regulations must always be taken into account.<\/span><\/p><h2><b>How is corruption in the healthcare sector uncovered?<\/b><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Investigations into bribery and\/or corruption in the healthcare sector can originate from tax audits (external audits) conducted by the tax authorities. These can be supplemented by criminal complaints, whistleblower reports, and suspicious activity reports from medical associations and health insurance funds. Internal compliance audits can also raise initial suspicion.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Typical measures include searches of medical practices or business premises, securing patient and billing records, and evaluating cooperation agreements and communications. Due to documentation requirements in the healthcare sector, the evidence is often extensive.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is not uncommon for investigating authorities to simultaneously examine suspected billing fraud or tax violations. The proceedings can therefore expand considerably.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Important: If you learn of a search or investigation, you should seek legal advice immediately \u2013 before making any statements to investigating authorities.<\/span><\/p><h2><b>What are the penalties for bribery and corruption in the healthcare sector?<\/b><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The basic offense under Sections 299a and 299b of the German Criminal Code (StGB) provides for a fine or imprisonment of up to three years. In particularly serious cases (Section 300 StGB) \u2013 for example, in cases of commercial activity, substantial gains, or commission by a criminal organization \u2013 a prison sentence of three months to five years is possible.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition to the actual punishment, the following secondary consequences, among others, may be considered:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Confiscation of proceeds of crime (\u00a7 73 ff. StGB)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Professional disqualification (\u00a7 70 StGB)\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disciplinary measures\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Withdrawal of health insurance accreditation for contracted physicians<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>The side effects can have a more serious impact on one&#039;s professional existence than the actual punishment \u2013 therefore, early legal representation is crucial.<\/span><\/p><h2><b>Does one automatically lose their medical license upon conviction?<\/b><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A medical license can be revoked, but it is not automatic. The responsible authority examines whether the individual is unworthy or unreliable to practice medicine. The decision must be made in light of the freedom to choose one&#039;s profession (Article 12 of the Basic Law) and the principle of proportionality.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Criminal proceedings and administrative measures are formally separate processes \u2013 however, they often influence each other. A criminal conviction can significantly guide the authority&#039;s decision. Conversely, a successful criminal conviction can also have a significant impact on the administrative decision.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Criminal defense can also avert or mitigate professional consequences.<\/span><\/p><h2><b>Defense against corruption charges in the healthcare sector \u2013 Galen Lawyers<\/b><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The lawyers at Galen Rechtsanw\u00e4lte advise and defend clients nationwide in cases involving white-collar and medical criminal law. Our focus is on an early, structured, and discreet approach. We clarify the initial situation, request access to the case file, and analyze the evidence and the prosecution&#039;s investigative strategies.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The crucial decisions are made as early as the investigation phase. For example, we examine,<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">whether a criminally relevant unlawful agreement can be proven<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">whether the cooperation in question was permissible under professional and social law<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">whether the required intent can be proven in the specific individual case<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">whether investigative measures are legally contestable<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>Particularly in medical criminal law, the distinction between permissible cooperation and criminal interference is often complex. The same applies to the distinction between an activity undertaken in the course of one&#039;s professional duties and a purely commercial decision. Galen Attorneys at Law therefore considers professional, contractual, and tax-related risks from the outset. When necessary, we collaborate closely with specialized colleagues from other legal fields.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are you having your premises searched, or have you otherwise learned of an investigation against you? Please contact us to arrange an appointment.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90a7900 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"90a7900\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/galen.de\/en\/#kontakt\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Contact<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d4964c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6d4964c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff3870e red-underline elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff3870e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>.elementor-element-ff3870e{display:none !important}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-430f437 uael-faq-box-layout-yes align-at-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-uael-faq\" data-id=\"430f437\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"uael-faq.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div id='uael-faq-wrapper-703' class=\"uael-faq-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-faq-container uael-faq-layout-accordion\" data-layout=\"accordion\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"uael-accordion-6b79aef\" class=\"uael-faq-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class= \"uael-accordion-title\" aria-expanded=\"false\" role=\"tab\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon uael-accordion-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-question-6b79aef uael-question-span\" tabindex=\"0\" id=\"uael-faq-1-6a2f355a0f070\">When does an advantage become criminally relevant?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-accordion-content\" role=\"tabpanel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An advantage is criminally relevant if it is granted without legal entitlement and serves as consideration for unfair preferential treatment in competition.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"uael-accordion-8183eaa\" class=\"uael-faq-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class= \"uael-accordion-title\" aria-expanded=\"false\" role=\"tab\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon uael-accordion-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-question-8183eaa uael-question-span\" tabindex=\"0\" id=\"uael-faq-2-6a2f355a0f11d\">Can a pharmacist also be held criminally liable?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-accordion-content\" role=\"tabpanel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes. Section 299a of the German Criminal Code (StGB) covers all members of healthcare professions who require state-regulated training for the practice of their profession or the use of their professional title. Pharmacists are included.<\/span><\/p><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"uael-accordion-36f9a7b\" class=\"uael-faq-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class= \"uael-accordion-title\" aria-expanded=\"false\" role=\"tab\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon uael-accordion-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-question-36f9a7b uael-question-span\" tabindex=\"0\" id=\"uael-faq-3-6a2f355a0f167\">Is a verbal agreement sufficient for criminal liability?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-accordion-content\" role=\"tabpanel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes. An explicit written agreement is not required. A verbal or even tacit agreement can suffice.<\/span><\/p><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"uael-accordion-9146b73\" class=\"uael-faq-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class= \"uael-accordion-title\" aria-expanded=\"false\" role=\"tab\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon uael-accordion-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-question-9146b73 uael-question-span\" tabindex=\"0\" id=\"uael-faq-4-6a2f355a0f19d\">When is a case considered particularly severe?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-accordion-content\" role=\"tabpanel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A particularly serious case may exist, especially in cases of commercial activity, substantial benefits, or organized crime. The assessment is always made on a case-by-case basis.<\/span><\/p><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"uael-accordion-e3e4d09\" class=\"uael-faq-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class= \"uael-accordion-title\" aria-expanded=\"false\" role=\"tab\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon uael-accordion-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-question-e3e4d09 uael-question-span\" tabindex=\"0\" id=\"uael-faq-5-6a2f355a0f1cf\">Can a company itself be punished?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-accordion-content\" role=\"tabpanel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Only natural persons \u2013 for example, managing directors or board members \u2013 can be held criminally liable, not companies. However, companies can be subject to substantial fines under the Administrative Offenses Act (OwiG).<\/span><\/p><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"uael-accordion-200c5cd\" class=\"uael-faq-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class= \"uael-accordion-title\" aria-expanded=\"false\" role=\"tab\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon uael-accordion-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-question-200c5cd uael-question-span\" tabindex=\"0\" id=\"uael-faq-6-6a2f355a0f228\">Do I have to comply with a police summons?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-accordion-content\" role=\"tabpanel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No. As a suspect, you are generally not obligated to comply with a police summons or to provide any information. Under no circumstances should a statement be made without prior legal advice.<\/span><\/p><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"uael-accordion-0de18e3\" class=\"uael-faq-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class= \"uael-accordion-title\" aria-expanded=\"false\" role=\"tab\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon uael-accordion-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-question-0de18e3 uael-question-span\" tabindex=\"0\" id=\"uael-faq-7-6a2f355a0f298\">When should I contact a criminal defense lawyer?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-accordion-content\" role=\"tabpanel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As early as possible \u2013 as soon as you become aware of an investigation. Early consultation significantly expands your options.<\/span><\/p><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"uael-accordion-6e27a6b\" class=\"uael-faq-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class= \"uael-accordion-title\" aria-expanded=\"false\" role=\"tab\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon uael-accordion-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-question-6e27a6b uael-question-span\" tabindex=\"0\" id=\"uael-faq-8-6a2f355a0f2fb\">Is all economic cooperation in the healthcare sector prohibited?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-accordion-content\" role=\"tabpanel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No. Cooperations are permissible if they are not based on extraneous advantages and comply with professional regulations. However, the distinction is complex in individual cases and should be legally reviewed.<\/span><\/p><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"uael-accordion-c82ed5e\" class=\"uael-faq-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class= \"uael-accordion-title\" aria-expanded=\"false\" role=\"tab\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon uael-accordion-icon-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uael-question-c82ed5e uael-question-span\" tabindex=\"0\" id=\"uael-faq-9-6a2f355a0f376\">What role does intention play?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uael-accordion-content\" role=\"tabpanel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In cases of bribery and corruption in the healthcare sector, the principle is: without intent, there is no criminal liability. Knowledge of the connection between the benefit and the unfair preferential treatment is the central criterion for assessment \u2013 and therefore often a key point of attack in the defense.<\/span><\/p><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Strafrechtliche Risiken f\u00fcr \u00c4rztinnen, \u00c4rzte und andere Heilberufstr\u00e4ger Macht ein Arzt oder sich strafbar, wenn er Geschenke annimmt oder sich von einem Pharmaunternehmen zu einem Kongress einladen l\u00e4sst? Sind Honorare f\u00fcr Produktempfehlungen und Pr\u00e4mien f\u00fcr Pharmareferentinnen rechtlich zul\u00e4ssig? Derartige Fragen stehen h\u00e4ufig am Beginn eines Ermittlungsverfahrens wegen Korruption im Gesundheitswesen.\u00a0 Seit Einf\u00fchrung der \u00a7\u00a7 299a, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1433,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1500","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 4.9.8 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Vorwurf der Bestechlichkeit oder Korruption im Gesundheitswesen (\u00a7\u00a7 299a, 299b StGB)? 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